Copperhead Snake Facts (Agkistrodon contortrix)

Copperhead Snake Facts (Agkistrodon contortrix) The copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix) gets its normal name from its coppery ruddy earthy colored head. Copperheads are pit snakes, identified with diamondbacks and shoes. Snakes in this gathering are venomous and have a profound pit on either side of the head that distinguishes infrared radiation or warmth. Quick Facts: Copperhead Logical Name: Agkistrodon contortrixCommon Names: Copperhead, good country slipper, pilot snake, white oak snake, piece headBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 20-37 inchesWeight: 4-12 ouncesLifespan: 18 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Eastern North AmericaPopulation: Over 100,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Depiction Copperheads might be recognized from other pit snakes by their shading, example, and body shape. A copperhead is tan to pink with 10 to 18 darker hourglass-or hand weight formed crossbands on its back. Its head is strong copper-earthy colored. The snake has a wide head, unmistakable neck, strong body, and more slender tail. A copperhead has tan to ruddy earthy colored eyes and vertical students. The normal grown-up snake is somewhere in the range of 2 and 3 feet long and weighs from 4 to 12 ounces. Females have longer bodies than guys, yet guys have longer tails. Natural surroundings and Distribution Copperheads live in the United States, from southern New England to northern Florida and across to western Texas. They reach out into Chihuahua and Coahuila in Mexico. The snake possesses an assortment of natural surroundings, including backwoods, swamps, rough forests, and along waterways and streams. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/UNOHnlLCKTKLi3zjo6Qrd8W1xFY=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/copperhead-snake-extend fd7ce5a2705a4fdf8178a21f4c2f9fc5.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/7rpoAvpD0Nydh4mSJk9e5dddEnI=/475x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/copperhead-snake-run fd7ce5a2705a4fdf8178a21f4c2f9fc5.jpg 475w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YkS7x6BHcmn60HWr5_6ts8BkIqM=/650x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/copperhead-snake-run fd7ce5a2705a4fdf8178a21f4c2f9fc5.jpg 650w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/JKKfPfepS02JdcH2P7ud8aveDbY=/1000x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/copperhead-snake-go fd7ce5a2705a4fdf8178a21f4c2f9fc5.jpg 1000w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4yLSIulzFDrwWF2l4QNZUoQ-wEI=/1000x700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/copperhead-snake-go fd7ce5a2705a4fdf8178a21f4c2f9fc5.jpg src=//:0 alt=Copperhead snake run class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-9 information following container=true /> Copperhead snake run. Craig Pemberton Diet and Behavior Copperheads are snare predators that cover themselves against the leaves and soil and hang tight for prey. They discover their objectives by warmth and aroma. About 90% of their eating routine comprises of little rodents. They additionally eat frogs, winged creatures, littler snakes, and enormous creepy crawlies. Copperheads climb trees to scrounge on caterpillars and developing cicadas, however are in any case earthly. With the exception of mating and resting, the snakes are single. The snakes sleep in the winter, frequently imparting a nook to different copperheads, rodent snakes, and poisonous snakes. They feed during the day in spring and pre-winter, however are nighttime during blistering summer months. Proliferation and Offspring Copperheads breed anyplace from spring to pre-fall (February to October). Be that as it may, neither guys nor females fundamentally breed each year. Guys wrestle in custom battle for reproducing rights. The champ may then need to fight the female. The female stores sperm and may concede preparation for a while, for the most part until subsequent to resting. She brings forth 1 to 20 live youthful, each estimating around 8 crawls long. The youthful look like their folks, however they are lighter hued and have yellowish-green tipped tails, which they use to bait reptiles and frogs for their first suppers. Child copperheads are brought into the world with teeth and venom that is as strong as that of grown-ups. Females now and then duplicate by means of parthenogenesis, an abiogenetic method of generation that doesn't require treatment. Copperheads arrive at sexual development when they are around 2 feet in length, which is around 4 years old. They live 18 years in the wild, yet they may live 25 years in bondage. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zNH_bUHK1KgB8x7CG0zmUmy_bDs=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091567222-7eef08993b274652bb2814477afb9c99.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/6MVi5JSGehTJxrA6BrinbL15hP0=/755x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091567222-7eef08993b274652bb2814477afb9c99.jpg 755w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zvfDxelHQ_hmfgAJJklFTdQ5rNk=/1210x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091567222-7eef08993b274652bb2814477afb9c99.jpg 1210w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WOhdEKrqFHR2snAhqmc5txqoGgk=/2121x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091567222-7eef08993b274652bb2814477afb9c99.jpg 2121w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/GXeC0ijDTnGO3UEHu3bPtdiOgTU=/2121x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1091567222-7eef08993b274652bb2814477afb9c99.jpg src=//:0 alt=Juvenile copperhead snake class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-22 information following container=true /> Adolescent copperhead snakes have yellowish green tail tips. JWJarrett, Getty Images Protection Status The IUCN groups the copperhead preservation status as least concern. More than 100,000 grown-up snakes live in North America, with a stable, gradually declining populace size. Generally, copperheads are not dependent upon noteworthy dangers. Territory misfortune, fracture, and debasement lessen snake numbers about 10% like clockwork. Specifically, populaces are topographically isolated in Mexico. Copperheads and Humans Copperheads are liable for gnawing a bigger number of individuals than some other snake species. While the copperhead likes to maintain a strategic distance from people, it freezes as opposed to crawling endlessly. The snake is hard to spot, so individuals accidentally step excessively close or onto the creature. Like other New World snakes, copperheads vibrate their tail when drawn closer. They additionally discharge a cucumber-smelling musk when contacted. At the point when undermined, the snake as a rule conveys a dry (nonvenomous) nibble or low-portion cautioning chomp. The snake utilizes its venom to cripple prey before ingestion. Since individuals are not prey, copperheads will in general moderate their venom. Be that as it may, even everything of venom is once in a while deadly. Little kids, pets, and people hypersensitive to wind venom are most in danger. Copperhead venom is hemolytic, which implies it breaks red platelets. Nibble indications incorporate extraordinary agony, sickness, pulsating, and shivering. While its essential to look for sure fire clinical consideration whenever nibbled, normally neutralizer isn't directed in light of the fact that it represents a more serious hazard than the copperhead chomp. Copperhead venom contains a protein called contortrostatin that may help moderate tumor development and malignancy cell relocation. Sources Ernst, Carl H.; Barbour, Roger W. Snakes of Eastern North America. Fairfax, Virginia: George Mason University Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0913969243.Finn, Robert. Snake Venom Protein Paralyzes Cancer Cells. Diary of the National Cancer Institute. 93 (4): 261â€262, 2001. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.4.261Frost, D.R., Hammerson, G.A., Santos-Barrera, G. Agkistrodon contortrix. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T64297A12756101. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64297A12756101.enGloyd, H.K., Conant, R. Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 1990. ISBN 0-916984-20-6.McDiarmid, R.W., Campbell, J.A., Tourã ©, T. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists League, 1999. ISBN 1-893777-01-4.

Business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Field-tested strategy - Essay Example st of 10 pages and ought to incorporate at any rate superficial consideration regarding such key issues as business idea, financing needs, promoting plan, accounting report and so on. It’s a decent method to test the enthusiasm of potential accomplice or minor financial specialist. The working arrangement is an instrument to be utilized to work the business. It might be long detail yet short on introduction. An introduction plan contrasts from that more consideration is paid to appealing designing conventional language and compactness. It is appropriate to show to financiers, speculators outside the organization. We proposed to design a business dependent on kitchenware things managing import and conveyance however not for retailing and it avoids electricals.Cleaner, modern and a pleasant kitchen product would make cooking an advantageous encounter. Enormous offices for assembling and capacity empower to create a wide scope of kitchen accessories.Varieties are gotten various structures, shapes and sizes. The quality of these items relies upon esteem included excellent kitchen embellishments. The general duty rate is moderately low; it forces high taxes on specific items. It is the market section to which a specific item is showcased. There are primarily three stages to focusing on: - Market Segmentation, Target Choice, Product Positioning. As indicated by the United Kingdom’s Department of Commerce the whole exchange is continues growing these days. In setting an establishment on which an appropriate market procedure for kitchen product adornments need to confront parcel of rivalry. So as to contend with their own competitor’s sufficient market division is basic. It is significant that the business is geologically situated with the vast majority of the customer dealing with a neighborhood premise. Technique and execution rundown of showcasing says that picture is the key factor for representatives, on the grounds that their work is progressively alluring and less value delicate. 1) Advertising: - It is a paid type of administrations that are solely payable while causing certain advantages.

Selams First CPW

Selam’s First CPW Hello Interwebz! Our campus is swarming with high school students and free food. Its all very exciting. Everyone is very excited! Ahhh! Im excited too! In fact, this is also my first CPW ever. I did not attend as a prefrosh. But this is really fun as an MIT student, too~ I didn’t think I had been super committed to CPW activities, but I actually did get myself involved in things (hooray!). Today I went shopping for a CPW event tomorrow, and then I went to Meet the Bloggers, in which I met some of you, and we Bloggers also met each othermost of our interaction is on the interwebz rather than IRL. Tomorrow, I am going to be at the CPW Midway for Chinese Students Club, and our Noodle Extravaganza event afterward. Then, I’m going to Chocolate City for Ill Vibes, an open mic sort of event. The pre-frosh are all very exciting, and I enjoy being excited along with them. It’s weird that only seven months ago, I was a pre-frosh too. Now I am a freshmen, soon to be rising sophomore. Technically speaking, I already am a sophomoreo__O Yet, the density of my experiences these past seven months have been tremendous. I’ve learned so muchacademically, about myself, about the world, about others. In many ways, I have grown much at MITI thought I was top notch at failing, but I leveled up and got even better! (more on that later) I wonder if I am a different person from who I was. I believe my core values remain the sameI am an optimist. I believe in the good of people. I believe every person has good in them, somewhere, and that many people have their side of the story yet to tell. It is for this reason that I try to be as tolerant and lenient with people as I possibly can. What’s been most taxing this year actually might not have been academicsfirst off, academics is hard. LIKE REALLY HARD. I cannot stress this enough, because I don’t think freshman are ever told enough how hard it is. I came in hearing “yeah, no one gets an A here” but really it’s more like “most people get C’s here” and you know what that’s ok. It is ok. Many people have failed a class, or even multiple classes. And they are still amazing and very, very successful. But actually what I was worried impacted me most negatively this year as a person were the social issues I experienced. A friend became romantically involved with someone and they got into a big fight. Without saying too much, we were all intertwined in our activities, such that I became exposed to abuse of power, petty arguments, rifts between people. As someone who believed strongly in the good in people, this was taxing. It’s hard, after all, to keep being tolerant, when you feel like others will not do the same for you or for each other. It probably all sounds very mild, the way I put it, but in actuality, it almost made me lose a little bit of my faith in human beings, and definitely made me reconsider where to put my friendship. In addition to that, there was a lot of sorrow that occurred during our long winter. The fallen snow muted the tragedies that befell us, and on top of all of that, it seemed like our classes decided to push us to our limits all at once. Coming out of all this, I wish to remain, in some core aspects, who I was and who I am, and I may have to fight myself to remain that way. I still want to believe in human beings. I believe the good in them is there. I believe in goodunconditionally. All in all, this CPW has made me very reflective. Talking to all the prefrosh makes me very happy; I love enthusiasm and I want to maintain it. I hope for the best for every one of them.

Selams First CPW

Selam’s First CPW Hello Interwebz! Our campus is swarming with high school students and free food. Its all very exciting. Everyone is very excited! Ahhh! Im excited too! In fact, this is also my first CPW ever. I did not attend as a prefrosh. But this is really fun as an MIT student, too~ I didn’t think I had been super committed to CPW activities, but I actually did get myself involved in things (hooray!). Today I went shopping for a CPW event tomorrow, and then I went to Meet the Bloggers, in which I met some of you, and we Bloggers also met each othermost of our interaction is on the interwebz rather than IRL. Tomorrow, I am going to be at the CPW Midway for Chinese Students Club, and our Noodle Extravaganza event afterward. Then, I’m going to Chocolate City for Ill Vibes, an open mic sort of event. The pre-frosh are all very exciting, and I enjoy being excited along with them. It’s weird that only seven months ago, I was a pre-frosh too. Now I am a freshmen, soon to be rising sophomore. Technically speaking, I already am a sophomoreo__O Yet, the density of my experiences these past seven months have been tremendous. I’ve learned so muchacademically, about myself, about the world, about others. In many ways, I have grown much at MITI thought I was top notch at failing, but I leveled up and got even better! (more on that later) I wonder if I am a different person from who I was. I believe my core values remain the sameI am an optimist. I believe in the good of people. I believe every person has good in them, somewhere, and that many people have their side of the story yet to tell. It is for this reason that I try to be as tolerant and lenient with people as I possibly can. What’s been most taxing this year actually might not have been academicsfirst off, academics is hard. LIKE REALLY HARD. I cannot stress this enough, because I don’t think freshman are ever told enough how hard it is. I came in hearing “yeah, no one gets an A here” but really it’s more like “most people get C’s here” and you know what that’s ok. It is ok. Many people have failed a class, or even multiple classes. And they are still amazing and very, very successful. But actually what I was worried impacted me most negatively this year as a person were the social issues I experienced. A friend became romantically involved with someone and they got into a big fight. Without saying too much, we were all intertwined in our activities, such that I became exposed to abuse of power, petty arguments, rifts between people. As someone who believed strongly in the good in people, this was taxing. It’s hard, after all, to keep being tolerant, when you feel like others will not do the same for you or for each other. It probably all sounds very mild, the way I put it, but in actuality, it almost made me lose a little bit of my faith in human beings, and definitely made me reconsider where to put my friendship. In addition to that, there was a lot of sorrow that occurred during our long winter. The fallen snow muted the tragedies that befell us, and on top of all of that, it seemed like our classes decided to push us to our limits all at once. Coming out of all this, I wish to remain, in some core aspects, who I was and who I am, and I may have to fight myself to remain that way. I still want to believe in human beings. I believe the good in them is there. I believe in goodunconditionally. All in all, this CPW has made me very reflective. Talking to all the prefrosh makes me very happy; I love enthusiasm and I want to maintain it. I hope for the best for every one of them.

Pearl Harbor Essay - 1387 Words

Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Exactly as Franklin Delano Roosevelt proclaimed in his speech to Congress, December 7th would indeed live in infamy. Pearl Harbor was the most pivotal foreign affairs incident for the United States since the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Not only was it significant domestically, it had resounding consequences across the globe. It has lived on as one of the single most tragic events on United States soil. Early Warnings The United States had received many warnings stating there would be an attack on Pearl Harbor. In October, the Soviets top spy,†¦show more content†¦In addition to this, Eleanor Roosevelt wrote that FDR became in a way more serene. In the NY Times Magazine of October 8, 1944 she wrote: December 7 was...far from the shock it proved to the country in general. We had expected something of the sort for a long time. However, the United States Government has learned from this mistake. Today, many more precautions are taken, and veiled threats are taken much more seriously. An example of this would be the War for Iraqi Liberation. The United States Government believed that Saddam Hussein was a threat, and rather than waiting for this to be entirely confirmed, the United States Government preemptively struck against him. The Attack By 7:55am Japanese planes filled the sky over Pearl Harbor. The first wave consisted of a flight of Japanese bombers armed with shallow-running torpedoes and bombers armed with armor piercing bombs. Without warning, they opened fire on the seven exposed battleships and the surrounding ships. Simultaneously, the airfields and aircraft on them were assaulted, giving the Japanese near-complete air superiority. By the time the crews had reacted, most gun emplacements useful as anti-aircraft guns were destroyed. Pearl Harbor was defenseless, and the Japanese took full advantage of this. Soon after the first wave had ended, the low roar of a planes engines was heard again over Oahu. This time, the United States Military was more prepared, but still mostlyShow MoreRelatedThe Pearl Harbor Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pearl Harbor Spies On 7 December 1941, the Japan Naval fleet launched a precise and devastating bombing of Pearl Harbor, which stunned the United States. The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor to neutralize the U.S. Pacific Naval Fleet, so they could advance into Malaya and the Dutch East Indies to access natural resources to further their war effort. However, the Pearl Harbor bombing became an everlasting memory to Americans. Two little known contributors to this event had a profound effect onRead MorePearl Harbor1690 Words   |  7 Pagescountries. Planning In January of 1941 the Japanese began to plan an attack on the US at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Unbeknown to United States, the Japanese had set a timeline to attack by the end of that year. The United States had many fore warnings before the attack. During the same first month of the Japanese planning, the US intercepted Japanese communications detailing that an attack would be at Pearl Harbor. When the young soldier that crack the code and told his leadership about what he had heardRead MoreThe Discovery Of Pearl Harbor1998 Words   |  8 PagesConnor Baird Pearl Harbor Introduction Pearl Harbor is a very important event in history because it affected the whole world by bringing the United States into WWII, and also changed the way the United States viewed their enemies. On December 7, 1941 one of the worst attacks ever on the United States occurred. More than 3,000 people lost their lives or were injured that morning, and the attack propelled us into war against the Axis Powers. Through the terrible misjudgement of numerous U.S. militaryRead MoreThe Bombing Of Pearl Harbor1558 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Remember Pearl Harbor† best summed it up. Pearl Harbor was always expected to be remembered. Not for the good that came out of it, but for the awful violence that World War II started. Not many will look beyond the viewpoint of Pearl Harbor being attacked and many innocent people being killed, or the idea that it is the reason that the U.S. joined World War II. What most do not see is that there were benefits that did come out of Pearl Harbor, which did improve society. The bombing of Pearl HarborRead MoreThe Bombing Of Pearl Harbor1559 Words   |  7 PagesOn December 7, 1941 Japan bombed The United States at Pearl Harbor. The bombing of Pearl Harbor lasted very short than what you would expect which was only one day. Before Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, they started war with different nations that were around them. They did this to get other nation’s materials, for an example, oil, lumber, and coal. Japan was foolish for attacking the United States during WWII at Pearl Harbor; their motive was to take over the islands that the United States owned toRead MorePearl Harbor Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesPearl Harbor Death, destruction, and mercilessness do little justice in describing the horrible events that took place on December 7th, 1941. What Pearl Harbor fails to accurately depict is the complexity of the situation. The actual causes of the attack and also the long-term effects that the attack on Pearl Harbor had on the world are some aspects one doesnt see. Was the bombing of Pearl Harbor a success? Who benefited the most in the end? Scholars have long ponderedRead MoreThe Attack On Pearl Harbor1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe attack on Pearl Harbor is known today as a horrible event brought on by revenge and Japan’s need for control. This event is one of the single most important events in American history proving that the Japanese armed services may have been strategically stronger and more powerful at one time. The United States was not involved in WWII; that began with Germany invading Poland. The attack on Pearl Harbor, however, led to the United States’ involvement in World War II. It also brought with itRead MoreThe Bombing Of Pearl Harbor Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pages The bombing of Pearl Harbor was a very startling attack that altered American history. It is a significant moment in American history that will not be forgotten. This confrontation happened between America and Japan for different reasons that are presented in this paper. America and Japan had weak negotiations and communications, which led to the attack on Pearl Harbor; however, America reacted on the attack effectively. Because of these circumstances, the rival led to the bombing and destructionRead MoreThe Attack on Pearl Harbor754 Words   |  3 PagesAttack on Pearl Harbor Introduction. I chose this battle because I had been hearing about the attack on Pearl Harbor, but I did not know much about it. This paper talks about the countries that fought in this battle, where the battle was fought, what the geography was like during the battle, what the weather was like, what happened during this battle, how many casualties occurred, other things I learned about the battle, who won the battle, and how the battle was important to WWII. What countriesRead MoreBattle of Pearl Harbor975 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyzed Editors’ (2012) view of the causations of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the planning of the Japanese and U.S. military commanders on the attack of Pearl Harbor. Also, this paper will suggest that World War II started in Japan years before historians believe the war was initiated in Europe. Japan’s early aggression to its neighboring countries has significant and critical causations of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Editors (2012) suggested that Japan was drawn to wage war with the U.S

Philosophy of Reality and Dreams by Chuang-tzu and Ibn...

Ibn al-Arabi and Chuang-tzu were and continue to be very influential to the study of both religion and philosophy. Their separate notions of dream and reality have survived through the centuries and we continue to attempt to explain and analyze them today. In this paper I will first examine Ibn al-Arabis concept of dream and reality and then move on to study Chuang-tzus thoughts on the subject. After reviewing both of these constructs I will compare and contrast some of the similarities and differences between the two. Through this analysis I will show that although they were written hundreds of years and thousands of miles apart, their conclusions on dream and reality are strikingly similar. The Philosophers Ibn al-Arabi was†¦show more content†¦Also famous for his mystic philosophy is the great Chuang-tzu. Although not much is known about the Chinese Taoist writer, it is believed he was born around 369 B.C.E. on the border of Shandong and Henan provinces, and lived as a hermit until his death c.286 B.C.E. Scholars ascribe to Chuang-tzu at least some of the writing in the Taoist book which shares his name (the Chuang-tzu). In this book, Chuang-tzu uses wit, satire, analysis, and essays to explore many questions of philosophy, including the essence of reality and perception. Today, Chuang-tzu is considered to be one of the founders of Taoist philosophical thought, and his book is recognized as one of the holy scriptures of Taoism. The Chuang-tzu has captivated Chinese readers and encouraged philosophical discussion of its teachings for over two thousand years. Ibn `Arabi on Dream and Reality In his work Bezels of Wisdom, Ibn al-Arabi implies that all of that which we perceive as reality is, in fact a dream. Even in our dreams we are dreaming. Although most of us are unaware that we are dreaming, all that we see, feel, and hear is an illusion, a symbolic manifestation of the true Reality. According to Ibn al-Arabi, All men are asleep; only when they die, do they wake up. In the above statement Ibn al-Arabi does not mean that we must die in order to understand true Reality. He is referring to the process humans must undergo in order to interpret perceived reality to

Divorce And Its Effect On Society - 1018 Words

Divorce â€Å"Until death do us part† is one of the most frequently used phrases within marriage vows. But let’s face it, â€Å"Until divorce do us part† is probably more accurate considering the fact that about one in three marriages end in divorce within ten years (Brower). Nowadays, divorce defines and impacts our era in ways people do not even realize. Divorce is extremely common in the United States, the reasons for divorce have been modified, and the children of divorced parents are feeling the effects. In the mid-1900s, divorce was almost unheard of. Even as recently as the 1970’s, the word ‘divorce’ was frowned upon and simply seen as an insignificant crisis that would resolve itself shortly. Children of the divorced parents may have trouble falling asleep or may begin to stumble through school, but they will adjust to the situation. Men and women could become depressed, throw themselves into sexual affairs, or immerse themselves in work. But each of these reactions was simply part of the process (Wallerstein). After a year or so, it was expected that everyone would have their lives back on track - at least on the surface. Parents and children would pick up new routines and perhaps make new friends or move to a new school; they would take advantage of the opportunities and second chances that divorce brings. However, this theory of recovery was merely wishful thinking (Wallerstein). Today, shocking statistics show about half of all marriages in the Unite d States areShow MoreRelatedDivorce And Its Effect On Society Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesHalf of all marriages end in divorce. That means that between a person and their closest friend, one of them is likely to get a divorce (Stanton 3). That’s a shocking and scary statistic since divorce is so unhealthy for everyone involved. Sociology’s view, religion’s view, and even the effect of psychology all point to one end, divorce is not beneficial. Divorce is a topic that has been widely silenced because it has rocked so many people’s lives. A 50 percent divorce rate is a huge increase of whatRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Society1019 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce has been on a rise in America since the past thirty years. Almost every person might be having a divorced member in its family. Divorce has been reported to be the major cause of suicide as well. Many factors lead to divorce, some of which are online dating, financial problems and physical abuse. In the ancient Roman Republic, a simple statement for divorce was sufficient for the dissolution of a marriage. Some local Church councils even had the equivalent of no-fault divorce, in whichRead MoreDivorce And Its Effects On Society Essay2647 Words   |  11 PagesDivorce. How can that one word bring up such a wide range of emotions? That simple word to some may bring feelings of shame and disgust, while to others it can represent a fresh start and safety from a bad situation. While it would be easy to look at this topic and simply say that it is right or wrong all across the board, it feels inadequate. Every divorce is unique and specific to those within that relationship and could be caused by an array of reasons, so to offer a blanket statement felt insufficientRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Our Society1034 Words   |  5 Pageswith over 1.2 million divorces (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). Divorce is not limited to breaking apart the husband and wif e; it destroys families, siblings and the future of the American children. Divorces cause money, crime and education issues and an overall effect on the children caught in the middle, which follows them into their adult life. A $1,000 of taxpayer’s money is spent dealing with the consequences of broken families (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). The amount of moneyRead MorePreventing Divorce And Its Effects On Society3587 Words   |  15 PagesPreventing Divorce In society today, there are many issues we face without any direction. Divorce is a leading problem that impacts families and communities around the world. In the United States, a divorce occurs every 30 seconds, and this is expected to increase over time. What if there was a way to prevent these rates, or even stop them from happening? What we know, is that divorce is very problematic; however, brushing up on its history, focusing on the present state, and learning how it hasRead MoreDivorce Rates And Its Effect On Society2158 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the past several decades, living together before marriage has become normal amongst couples. Divorce rates have drastically increased and marriage has been redefined. Analysis from studies and reliable sources expose this issue and the importance for it to be addressed. Society today is fast paced and self-rewarding, therefore the majority of people have decided to rush into major relationships, which can have immense consequen ces. This should no longer be a standard, rather we shouldRead MoreEffects of Divorce on Society Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesIncreased youth crime rate is caused largely by absent fathers as a result of divorce made too easy. Consider this chilling forecast. When we pass the year 2000, we will see two groups of working age adults emerging. One group will have received psychological, social, economic, educational and moral benefits and the other group will have been denied them all. The first group will have grown up with a father present in the house and the second group will have not had a father present. The groups willRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Divorce in American Culture1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently deva stating the lives of many American children. More often than not people decide to get a divorce before they really think about the effects of divorce. People usually decide to get a divorce based on emotion rather than logic whichRead MoreEssay about How Divorce is Affecting the American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently devastating the lives of many American children. There are many areas in which divorce has a negative effect in the life of a child or an adult. 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Financial Reporting and Its Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Financial Reporting and Its Analysis. Answer: Introduction To begin the study, two companies have been selected for the purpose of comparison from the industry of supermarket namely Wesfarmers Limited and Woolworths Limited. Wesfarmers Limited - Company Wesfarmers was established in January 1914 as one of the leading cooperatives for farmers in Australia under the chairman ship of Deanne Hammond. The company has diversified lines of business ranging from liquor to chemicals, fertilizers, coal, safety products for the industry, home and office related supplies and thus supermarkets. The company operates its business through the major five major divisions namely Coles, Home betterment and improvement, Stores, supplies for office, industrial products and other related businesses. The first division was formed in the year 2007 on the Coles group acquisition. Cole group has been itself a bunch of divisions which provides different goods or products to the different customers including food, groceries, liquor products and financial services. Second division is home improvement which contains Bunning, as a leading and required retailer in the field of home betterment and other living products and Home base, as second number retailer for home products and garden services in United Kingdom. Third division is department stores containing two major segments Knart and Target and has been formed in the month of February for the year 2016. Fourth division is office works and for which the company has been regarded as leading supplier of office products and services. Fifth division is Industrial which includes chemicals and fertilizers and safety products for industry. The organizational structure of the companies works from Managing Director, Chief executive and finance officer, Director of respective functions like finance, purchase, logistics and sales, etc, company secretary, managers and lower level employees. Woolworths Limited - Another company is Woolworths Limited that has been formed on fifth of December, 1924 in Sydney. On that day the then CEO of company has mentioned that every part of the world shall be Sydney where all the things and products are available to anyone at cheaper price with good quality and since then the company is striving to achieve the same. The main activity of the company is to have supermarket only where all the products are made available for the customers. The company operates the main activities through its three major divisions Food Group, Endeavour Drinks and Portfolio business. Food group again contains six branches Rewards, supermarkets, countdowns, Thomas dux, petrol and financial services. Second group contains four branches Dan Murphys, BWS, Cellarmasters and Langtons and last group contains three branches Big W, Ezi buy and hotels. The organizational structure of the team is vertical form of structure ranges from top level management including Board of Directors and Executive Committees, middle level management including managers and executives and lower level management including supervisor and their subordinates. The company has been achieving growth since the year of its establishment and has become one of the leading companies in supermarket industry in Australia and New Zealand. Both the companies are at equal pace and thus have been selected for comparison. In the forthcoming headings and subheadings, the comparison has been made with regard to their financial statements and the framework within which the financial report has been framed. Identification and Evalution of the Company Financing Sources The financing resources of each of the company will be identified through the financial statements stated in the annual report and will be evaluated through the computation of different financial ratios. First Company Wesfarmers limited Financing Sources - The Company has been financed by equity component as well as debt component. As per Note Number 12 of the Annual Report of the company: Equity - Equity component of the company includes ordinary equity shares that have been issued to the promoters and shareholders of the company and also includes the shares issued under the scheme of Employees stock option plan wherein the shares are issues to the employees of the company as reward for their performance.(Annual Report, 2016.) Debt - The companys debt component includes both the long term debt and short term debt and has been classified as Non Current liabilities and Current Liabilities respectively. Both the heads of debt have classified under the sub heading of Interest bearing loans and borrowings. As per Note number 14 of the annual report, the company has availed short term debt in the form of corporate bonds and other bank loans and has outstanding balance of $1632 million at the year ending 30th of June 2016. Similarly, the company has availed long term debt and have outstanding balance of $5631 million at the year ended on that date.(Annual Report, 2016) Both the facilities availed are unsecured and as per the reported significant items in the annual report, the company has renewed the facilities of $500 million in June 2016 and thus have intermediate debt in its financing sources. Analysis of Capital Structure and Other Ratios Debt to equity ratio has been increased from 0.63 for the year ending 30-06-2015 to 0.78 for the year ending 30-06-2016 which shows that the company has increased its reliance on the banking funds and that too which are unsecured. Simultaneously the equity ratio has been decreased from 0.61 as at 30-06-2015 to 0.56 as at 30-06-2016. As per the norms of practice, acceptable debt equity is 2:1. Therefore, the company is still within the ambit of having the going concern assumption as high debt equity ratio gives an indication that the company will soon go for liquidation. Net profit margin ratio has been gradually decreased from 6.02 to 2.04 which has alarmed the situations of the investors as to whether to invest further in the company or take back the amount invested so far. Current ratio has been intact at 0.93 times which shows that the liquidity of the company is similar to earlier year. Along with this, the net working capital of the company seems better than as generated in the earlier year. Earnings per share have been gradually decreased from 216.1o for the year ending 30th June 2015 to 36.20 for the year ending 30-06-2016. The major shift has been suffered by the investor and the company only due to low profit margins. Along with the earning per share the companys dividend per share has been decreased from 230 to 201.90. Financing Structure and Financial Reporting Framework The reporting of financing structure of the company has been made within the conceptual framework of financial reporting. All the relevant disclosure have been made and that too in accordance with the Australian Accounting standards and International Reporting Financial Standards (AASB,2015). According to the nature of its business the companys financial structure is adequate. Debt equity ratio as per the supermarket industry should be less than or equal to one. As whole business of the company is of wholesale thus the current liabilities and current assets including creditors and debtors and stock respectively comes in equal proportionate as compared to previous year. Second Company Woolworts limited : Financing Sources - The Company has been financed by equity component as well as debt component. As per Note Number 20 of the Annual Report of the company: Equity - Equity component of the company includes ordinary equity shares that have been issued to the promoters and shareholders of the company and also includes the shares issued as a result of share rights and exercised under the scheme of Employees stock option plan wherein the shares are issues to the employees of the company as reward for their performance and also includes the shares issued under the long term incentive plans for the employees.(Annual Report, 2016.) Debt - The companys debt component includes both the long term debt and short term debt and has been classified as Non Current liabilities and Current Liabilities respectively. As per Note number 23 of the annual report, the company has availed short term market loans and revolving credit facility from the bank amounting to $82 million. The short term securities also includes US senior notes and medium term notes. The long term debt includes bank loan in consortium with other banks and also the US senior notes and European Medium term notes. The company has also financed through the issue of debenture namely Woolworths Notes II. (Annual Report, 2016) . Analysis of Capital Structure and Other Ratios Debt to equity ratio has been increased from 1.28 for the year ending 30-06-2015 to 1.68 for the year ending 30-06-2016 which shows that the company has increased its reliance on the banking funds and that too which are unsecured. Simultaneously the equity ratio has been decreased from 0.44 as at 30-06-2015 to 0.37 as at 30-06-2016. Net profit margin ratio has been gradually decreased from 6.02 to 2.75 which has alarmed the situations of the investors as to whether to invest further in the company or take back the amount invested so far. Current ratio has been intact at 0.84 times which shows that the liquidity of the company is similar to earlier year. Along with this, the net working capital of the company seems better than as generated in the earlier year. Earnings per share have been gradually decreased from 170.80 for the year ending 30th June 2015 to (97.70) for the year ending 30-06-2016. The major shift has been suffered by the investor and the company only due to low profit margins. Along with the earning per share the companys dividend per share has been decreased from 122.50 to 93.80. Financing Structure and Financial Reporting Framework The reporting of financing structure of the company has been made within the conceptual framework of financial reporting. All the relevant disclosure have been made and that too in accordance with the Australian Accounting standards and International Reporting Financial Standards (AASB,2015). Analysis and Comparison of Company's Financial Sources Similarities Debt equity ratio of both the companies has been decreased from the year ending 30-06-2015 to 30-06-2016. Debt equity ratio of both the companies has been decreased from the year ending 30-06-2015 to 30-06-2016. Net profit margin has been decreased of both the companies. Both the companies have made the current ratio intact in spite of having gradual decrease in the net profit margin in the current year as compared to the earlier year. Both the companies earning per share and dividend per share has been decreased gradually and for the Woolworths it is in negative figures. Both the companies have followed same set of accounting standards and have disclosed adequately. Diffirences The pace at which the debt equity ratio has been increased in case of Woolworths Limited is higher than that of Wesfarmers Limited. The current and non - current liabilities has been given in detail by the Woolworths Limited than the Wesfarmers Limited. The equity component of the Woolworths Limited is different from Wesfarmers because of inclusion of Right shares. The debt component of the Woolworths Limited is different from Wesfarmers because of the inclusion of debentures. Reason for Similarities and Diffirences The reason for similarity in ratio is that both the company operates in the same industry and has to follow the pre defined financial ratios that is acceptable. Both the companies having similar increasing and decreasing trend in the ratios. It is so because the net profit margins of the both companies have been gradually decreased. Summary and Recommendation Significant Points First of all the main history of the both the companies have been discussed in detail along with the main activities of the companies. Also the products that is being catered to the customers along with different services has been detailed in connection with the various divisions being operated by both the companies. Secondly, financing sources have been discussed with reference to the annual report of the company. Debt and equity component reported in the financial statements have described with the help of capital structure ratios. Thirdly, financial ratios like net profit margin ratio, current ratio, EPS and DPS, etc have been calculated so as to make the comparison easier. Fourthly, the conceptual framework within which the financial statements have been reported is discussed with reference to accounting standard. From the study of this report, our recommendation for the investors is to invest in Wesfarmers Limited instead of Woolworths Limited in order to have high earning on the amount invested. References Woolworths Limited official website available on https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/page/Invest_In_Us/Reports/Reports/ accessed on 01/02/2017. Wesfarmers Limited official website available on https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/investors/reports-results-presentations.html accessed on 01/02/2017. Brwon C, Dutton M, Rietz T, Financial Statement Analysis, available on https://tippie.uiowa.edu/iem/modules/finstatement.ppt accessed on 01/02/2017. Financial Statement Analysis available on https://www.business-solutions-and-resources.com/financial-statement-analysis.html accessed on 01/02/2017. Anastasia, (2015), Financial Statement Analysis : An Introduction available on https://www.cleverism.com/financial-statement-analysis-introduction/ accessed on 31/01/2017. Bajkowski, (1999), Financial Accounting Ratios: Putting the Numbers to Work, AAII Journal, August 1999 issue, Pages 1-7. Accessed on 31/01/2017 Lan J., (2012), 16 Financial Ratios for Analysing a Companys Strengths and Weaknesses, AAII Journal, September 2012 issue available on https://www.aaii.com/journal/article/16-financial-ratios-for-analyzing-a-companys-strengths-and-weaknesses.touch accessed on 31/01/2017. Alvarez F and Fridson M, (2005), Financial Statement Analysis A Practitioners Guide, available on https://www.up.m-e-c.biz/up/Mohcine/Pictures%20BOOK/Wiley%20Finance,.Financial%20Statement%20Analysis%20-%20A%20Practitioner's%20Guide,%203rd%20Edition.pdf accessed on 31/01/2017. Uzochukwu N, (2012), Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statements as a Managerial Tool for decision making, accessed on https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=4cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiUqvrpj7TMAhWQCY4KHcqMBJ8QFggzMAMurl=http%3A%2F FGL,(2013),Accounting Ratios available on https://frostgroup.co.uk/articles/2013/accounting-ratios accessed on 31/01/2017. Zions Bank Official Website,(2005) How to Analyse your business using Financial Ratios, available on https://www.zionsbank.com/pdfs/biz_resources_book-6.pdf Accessed on 31/01/2017. AASB, (2015), Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting available on https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/ACCED264_06-15.pdf accessed on 01/02/2017.

Twelfth Night Essays (1166 words) - Poetic Form, Shakespeares Plays

Twelfth Night Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare is a comedy where commoners and royalty speak together frequently, in both prose and blank verse. The usage is not always clear to the modern reader but is easily understood with sufficient knowledge of the literary styles of the period in which Shakespeare lived. This shift from one form of speech to the other gives many things to the audience, allowing them to better perceive and understand the situation and characters that Shakespeare is portraying. The effect of the change is easily felt by the Elizabethan viewers, and can be explained to the modern reader, such that the impact it has on the atmosphere of the play is made adequately apparent. Generally in Elizabethan plays blank verse is used by nobility: such as Dukes, gentlemen, Kings, Queens, and the like. In contrast, prose is used mainly by fools, clowns, and the lower class. These two distinctive ways of portraying dialogue are particular and help to segregate the classes. Blank verse is the manner of writing, in which each line of the play consists of ten syllables, none of which usually rhyme. This is meant to be spoken in a halting and therefore dignified manner, with the speaker stopping at the end of each line; one had to pay attention to what the character was saying and was held in slight suspense waiting for the next line. The broken flow of the sentences portrayed the nobility in a higher light, showing they were not confined to the normal constraints of speech, and had a specific and unique way of talking that set them apart form the rest of the classes. In Twelfth Night all characters with wealth and prestige use this way of speaking: Orsino, the Duke; Se bastian, Viola's brother; Viola, Sebastian's sister; Valentine and Curio, two gentlemen; Olivia, a countess; the Sea Captain; and the Priest, the Lords and Officers. All these characters are people with power and money, something the blank verse becomes synonymous with. To compare, prose?which is the ordinary form of the written or spoken language, according to the Canadian Oxford dictionary?is used by the lower class of people. Another definition given is that prose is the dull or commonplace form of speech or writing. Both definitions show the motivation for this type of writing style to be assigned to the general population. In the play it is used by the characters considered of lesser stature to the others: Antonio; the sea captain, friend to Viola; Malvolio; Fabian and Feste, Olivia's servants; Maria, Olivia's woman; and the sailors, the musicians and attendants. These are all people of service, and lower social standing. Of course, in this play and others, there are exceptions to this rule of speech assignment. The characters Sir Toby Belch and Sir Andrew Aguecheek, though obviously nobility by title, speak in prose as opposed to blank verse as their social class would suggest. Andrew. Ay, ?tis strong, and it does indifferent well in a damned-colored stock. Shall we set about some revels? Toby. What shall we do else? Were we not born under Taurus? Andrew. Taurus? That's sides and heart. Toby. No, sir; it is legs and thighs. Let me see thee caper. Ha, higher; ha, ha, excellent! (Act I, Scene III, lines 131-138) As one can see prose is used to represent their speech. Prose is used to indicate the lower classes, not knights as Sir Toby and Sir Andrew are. The reason Shakespeare uses this form of script is because, though the two characters are nobility, they are portrayed as ?fools.? A fool, in Elizabethan terms, is a comedic character, whose role is to provide comic relief. They are on occasion used in an ironic sense, as in the tragedies, when a horrific or serious event has passed and the fool babbles on in jest, taking away from the dark significance of the event. In Twelfth Night Sir Toby and Sir Andrew are used in a purely comical function. Their banter is amusing and witty, entertaining to the audience and reader alike. Fools were considered lower classes, idiots not to be taken seriously?for just reason?, as their name would suggest. The two characters (Sir Andrew and Sir Toby) being of noble background make their dialogue even more amusing: they

Factors that compelled Tesco to exit the Japanese Market The WritePass Journal

Factors that compelled Tesco to exit the Japanese Marketï » ¿ Executive summary Factors that compelled Tesco to exit the Japanese Marketï » ¿ ). Tesco failed to establish enough scalable business after its 8 years operation in Japan. According to CEO, Philip Clarke, Japanese shopping habits were very different from those envisioned in business strategies and business processes of Tesco. According to Clarke, the British consumers enjoy carrying out a â€Å"big shop† once in a week since there is enough room to keep their shopping. In contrast, for many Japanese, space is premium and carrying out a big shop is not an option. Tesco, like other foreign retail companies, failed to adapt fully to the local shopping habits of the Japanese consumers. Consumers switching from branded luxury products in Tesco stores to more affordable private labels. Despite the demand for staple food and household items remaining flat, some consumers switched from purchasing branded luxury products to private labels that are more affordable. However, the penetration of such private labels products has not been popular compared to branded products because the Japanese consumers are still conscious of the product brand of the item they purchase. A series of food safety scares hit the market. The outbreak of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Japanese cows, use of non-approved additives in packaged foods and product origin being mislabeled eroded consumer confidence and caused a series of food safety scares in the grocery retail market. The British business format of Tesco failed to compete with department and supermarket stores in Japan. The people of Japan put much emphasis on the quality and freshness of food items. They, therefore, prefer to shop many times in a week instead of carrying out a single bulk shopping in a weekly basis. Departmental store food halls began offering high price but high quality foods while low priced standard food products were offered by supermarkets. Although discount stores started increasingly introducing fresh food product to encourage more customer visits, they were considered to be at the lower end of the market along with convenience stores. The small retail channels have increased their market share in recent years because their business format meets the Japanese consumers’ preference for shopping several times each week. They have also widened their range of services such as the provision of added-value services, bill-paying facilities, cash machines and delivery services. The small retail channels business format is in contrast with Tesco business format. As a result, Tesco faced a challenge of penetrating the highly competitive business segment. The Japanese people are highly demanding and fussy consumers who need to be provided with a wide selection of goods and foodstuffs. The Japanese consumers also value freshness of their produce, and they are likely to question of the stock in a hypermarket such as Tesco. Japanese consumers make frequent visits to many different stores per week instead of carrying out a one stop-shop within a single supermarket store. Conclusion In summary, the expansion strategy taken by Tesco into the Japanese market was a well-timed one. However, the Japanese market posed many difficulties which prevented Tesco penetrating the market and achieving profits. Despite that Tesco invested many resources and formulated strategies to gain the Japanese retail market, its failure to establish a business format to suit the Japanese consumers’ lifestyle envisaged its eventual exit. Other foreign retail companies such as Carrefour SA of France had failed to attain profit. Economic factors also led Tesco’s exit as consumers changed preference. The consumer patterns of the Japanese can be difficult to accommodate and formulate a business format to suit their demands and lifestyle. References Humby C, et al. (2008) Scoring Points: How Tesco Continues to Win Customer Loyalty. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Tesco’s internal data, 2009 (www.tesco.com) Williamson C, et al. (2013) Strategic Management and Business Analysis. London: Routledge.

Discussion post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Discussion post - Essay Example As indicated in the regulations and guidelines issued by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, the IRB teams should comprise of at least five individuals including a representative of the community. This enables the IRB to review a proposed research on the basis of community, legal and professional acceptability (Codina, 2014). After going through ‘Protecting Human Research Participant’ course, I had an opportunity of discussing with a nurse engaging in research about prevention of ventilator pneumonia in babies in the ICU. From information gathered, the nurse had completed the initial training in research ethics prior to submission of a protocol. She was able to undertake the online training offered by the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI), for engaging institutions (Mateo & Foreman, 2013). In my workplace, the IRB comprises of two hospital administrators, clinicians, nurses, a professional in medical ethics, two lay individuals from the community, and a statistical professional. The IRB maintains an equal gender ratio. The IRB acts as a screening centre for issues of conflict of interest in research or institution and is also responsible for monitoring difficulties in the study. The IRB is governed by FDA, and its practices and policies are reviewed periodically for cert ification (Zenios et al.,

Individual Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual Rights - Essay Example One of those such rights would be the Miranda rights. In defining them, "Also known as the Miranda Rule or Miranda Warning, when you are arrested in the U.S.A., police officers must warn you that you have the right to remain silent, that anything you say could be used against you in a court of law, that you have a right to contact a lawyer and that if you cannot afford a lawyer, that one will be provided before any questioning if so desired," Adding that, "Failure to issue the Miranda warning renders evidence so obtained to not be admissible in the court. The warning became a national requirement when ordered by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1966 case Miranda v. Arizona and that is how it got the name," (LawInfo.com, p.1). In the respect of this definition, the case involving Jane Smith would fall into direct violation in regards to the merits and meaning behind Miranda Rights. As the rights clearly state, a person has to be given the opportunity to posses legal counsel at the time of arrest and to have on one present during legal ques tioning. Another pertinent issue towards the legality of the case against a person in Jane Smith's position is the lack of parental consent towards the interrogation of their child who would have been a minor at the time. As common law states, when someone is a minor, they are to be approached with the knowledge and presence of their parents to consent to such approach. As the alleged perpetrator of the crime in question was a minor at the time, they would still be protected by the laws for interrogating minors despite whether or not the deciding authority wishes to charge the alleged as an adult. As there had been no written transferring of guardianship, the Uncle of Jane Smith would have no legal authority in regards to determining how, or even if his niece was to be questioned by the police. With the creation of laws, there is often times events and people that come as a way of facilitating such laws needing to be in place. In the case of the events leading up to case that which lead to the creation of the Miranda Rights law; A kidnapping and sexual assault occurred in Phoenix, Arizona, in March 1963. On March 13 Ernesto Miranda, 23, was arrested in his home, taken to the police station, identified by the victim, and taken into the interrogation room. Miranda was not told of his rights to counsel prior to questioning. Two hours later, investigators emerged from the room with a written confession signed by Miranda. It included a typed disclaimer, also signed by Miranda, stating that he had "full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me," and that he had knowingly waived those rights (Miranda v. Arizona, p.1). Such case practices that would later become illegal with the creation of the Miranda rights at the conclusion of the trial of Ernesto Miranda. Years since, the issue of delivering Miranda rights to person's in custody has become a central issue to the implementation of the American Judicial system in the way in which it was intended. For reasons of prosecuting crimes, the information gathered from alleged perpetrators is placed under great scrutiny as it comes to the methods for which they were gathered in the first place. Such attention paid in that, if collected even with the slightest bit of a hint that something had

The Topic Of Brain Fingerprinting Criminology Essay

The Topic Of Brain Fingerprinting Criminology Essay Brain fingerprinting is based on finding that the brain generates a unique brain wave pattern when a person encounters a familiar stimulus Use of functional magnetic resonance imagingin lie detection derives from studies suggesting that personsasked to lie show different patterns of brain activity thanthey do when being truthful. Issues related to the use of suchevidence in courts are discussed. The author concludes thatneither approach is currently supported by enough data regardingits accuracy in detecting deception to warrant use in court. In the field of criminology, a new lie detector has been developed in the United States of America. This is called brain fingerprinting. This invention is supposed to be the best lie detector available as on date and is said to detect even smooth criminals who pass the polygraph test (the conventional lie detector test) with ease. The new method employs brain waves, which are useful in detecting whether the person subjected to the test, remembers finer details of the crime. Even if the person willingly suppresses the necessary information, the brain wave is sure to trap him. Introduction: Brain Fingerprinting is a controversial proposed investigative technique that measures recognition of familiar stimuli by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures that are presented on a computer screen. Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence Farwell. The theory is that the suspects reaction to the details of an event or activity will reflect if the suspect had prior knowledge of the event or activity. This test uses what Farwell calls the MERMER (Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response) response to detect familiarity reaction. One of the applications is lie detection. Dr. Lawrence A. Farwell has invented, developed, proven, and patented the technique of Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen. Farwell Brain Fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US Navy, and tests on real-life situations including actual crimes. What is Brain Fingerprinting? Brain Fingerprinting is designed to determine whether an individual recognizes specific information related to an event or activity by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures presented on a computer screen.   The technique can be applied only in situations where investigators have a sufficient amount of specific information about an event or activity that would be known only to the perpetrator and investigator.   In this respect, Brain Fingerprinting is considered a type of Guilty Knowledge Test, where the guilty party is expected to react strongly to the relevant detail Existing (polygraph) procedures for assessing the validity of a suspects guilty knowledge rely on measurement of autonomic arousal (e.g., palm sweating and heart rate), while Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity via a fitted headband containing special sensors.   Brain Fingerprinting is said to be more accurate in detecting guilty knowledge distinct from the f alse positives of traditional polygraph methods, but this is hotly disputed by specialized researchers. Technique: The person to be tested wears a special headband with electronic sensors that measure the electroencephalography from several locations on the scalp. In order to calibrate the brain fingerprinting system, the testee is presented with a series of irrelevant stimuli, words, and pictures, and a series of relevant stimuli, words, and pictures. The test subjects brain response to these two different types of stimuli allow the testor to determine if the measured brain responses to test stimuli, called probes, are more similar to the relevant or irrelevant responses. The technique uses the well known fact that an electrical signal known as P300 is emitted from an individuals brain approximately 300 milliseconds after it is confronted with a stimulus of special significance, e.g. a rare vs. a common stimuls or a stimulas the prOband is asked to count. The novel interpretation in brain fingerprinting is to look for P300 as response to stimuli related to the crime in question e.g., a murder weapon or a victims face. Because it is based on EEG signals, the system does not require the testee to issue verbal responses to questions or stimuli. Brain fingerprinting uses cognitive brain responses, brain fingerprinting does not depend on the emotions of the subject, nor is it affected by emotional responses. Brain fingerprinting is fundamentally different from the polygraph (lie-detector), which measures emotion-based physiological signals such as heart rate, sweating, and blood pressure. Also, unlike polygraph testing, it does not attempt to determine whether or not the subject is lying or telling the truth. Four phases of Farwell Brain Fingerprinting: In fingerprinting and DNA fingerprinting, evidence recognized and collected at the crime scene, and preserved properly until a suspect is apprehended, is scientifically compared with evidence on the person of the suspect to detect a match that would place the suspect at the crime scene. Farwell Brain Fingerprinting works similarly, except that the evidence collected both at the crime scene and on the person of the suspect (i.e., in the brain as revealed by electrical brain responses) is informational evidence rather than physical evidence. There are four stages to Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, which are similar to the steps in fingerprinting and DNA fingerprinting: 1. Brain Fingerprinting Crime Scene Evidence Collection; 2. Brain Fingerprinting Brain Evidence Collection; 3. Brain Fingerprinting Computer Evidence Analysis; and 4. Brain Fingerprinting Scientific Result. In the Crime Scene Evidence Collection, an expert in Farwell Brain Fingerprinting examines the crime scene and other evidence connected with the crime to identify details of the crime that would be known only to the perpetrator. The expert then conducts the Brain Evidence Collection in order to determine whether or not the evidence from the crime scene matches evidence stored in the brain of the suspect. In the Computer Evidence Analysis, the Farwell Brain Fingerprinting system makes a mathematical determination as to whether or not this specific evidence is stored in the brain, and computes a statistical confidence for that determination. This determination and statistical confidence constitute the Scientific Result of Farwell Brain Fingerprinting: either information present the details of the crime are stored in the brain of the suspect or information absent the details of the crime are not stored in the brain of the suspect. Applications: Counter terrorism: Brain fingerprinting can help address the following critical elements in the fight against terrorism: 1: Aid in determining who has participated in terrorist acts, directly or indirectly. 2: Aid in identifying trained terrorists with the potential  to commit future terrorist acts, even if they are in a sleeper cell and have not been active for years. 3: Help to identify people who have knowledge or training in banking, finance or communications and who are associated with terrorist teams and acts. 4: Help to determine if an individual is in a leadership role within a terrorist organization. Brain fingerprinting technology is based on the principle that the brain is central to all human acts. In a terrorist act, there may or may not be peripheral evidence such as fingerprints or DNA, but the brain of the perpetrator is always there, planning, executing, and recording the crime. The terrorist has knowledge of organizations, training and plans that an innocent person does not have. Until the invention of Brain Fingerprinting testing, there was no scientific way to detect this fundamental difference. Brain Fingerprinting testing provides an accurate, economical and timely solution to the central problem in the fight against terrorism. It is now possible to determine scientifically whether or not a person has terrorist training and knowledge of terrorist activities. With the Brain Fingerprinting system, a significant scientific breakthrough has now become a practical applied technology. A new era in security and intelligence gathering has begun. Now, terrorists and those supporting terrorism can be identified quickly and accurately. No longer should any terrorist be able to evade justice for lack of evidence. And there is no reason why an innocent individual should be falsely imprisoned or convicted of terrorist activity. A Brain Fingerprinting test can determine with an extremely high degree of accuracy those who are involved with terrorist activity and those who are not. Criminal justice: A critical task of the criminal justice system is to determine who has committed a crime. The key difference between a guilty party and an innocent suspect is that the perpetrator of the crime has a record of the crime stored in their brain, and the innocent suspect does not. Until the invention of Brain Fingerprintingtesting, there was no scientifically valid way to detect this fundamental difference. Brain Fingerprinting testing does not prove guilt or innocence. That is the role of a judge and jury. This exciting technology gives the judge and jury new, scientifically valid evidence to help them arrive at their decision. DNA evidence and fingerprints are available in only about 1% of major crimes. It is estimated that Brain Fingerprinting testing will apply in approximately 60 to 70% of these major crimes. The impacts on the criminal justice system will be profound. The potential now exists to significantly improve the speed and accuracy of the entire system, from investigations to parole hearings. Brain Fingerprinting testing will be able to dramatically reduce the costs associated with investigating and prosecuting innocent people and allow law enforcement professionals to concentrate on suspects who have verifiable, detailed knowledge of the crimes. Medical: Brain Fingerprinting is the patented technology that can measure objectively, for the first time, how memory and cognitive functioning of Alzheimer sufferers are affected by medications. First generation tests have proven to be more accurate than other routinely used tests, and could be commercially available in 18-24 months. The 30 minute test involves wearing a headband with built-in electrodes; technicians then present words, phrases and images that are both known and unknown to the patient to determine whether information that should be in the brain is still there. When presented with familiar information, the brain responds by producing MERMERs, specific increases in neuron activity. The technician can use this response to measure how quickly information is disappearing from the brain and whether the drugs they are taking are slowing down the process. Additional Applications: In advertising, Brain Fingerprinting Laboratories will offer significant advances in measuring campaign and media effectiveness. Most advertising programs today are evaluated subjectively using focus groups. We will be able to offer significantly more advanced, scientific methods to help determine the effectiveness of campaigns and be very cost competitive with current methodologies. This technology will be able to help determine what information is actually retained in memory by individuals. For example, in a branding campaign do people remember the brand, the product, etc. and how do the results vary with demographics? We will also be able to measure the comparative effectiveness of multiple media types. In the insurance industry, Brain Fingerprinting Laboratories will be able to help reduce the incidence of insurance fraud by determining if an individual has knowledge of fraudulent or criminal acts. The same type of testing can help to determine if an individual has specific knowl edge related to computer crimes where there is typically no witness or physical evidence. Case studies: The biggest breakthrough, according to Farwell, was its role in freeing convicted murderer Terry Harrington, who had been serving a life sentence in Iowa State Penitentiary for killing a night watchman in 1977. In 2001, Harrington requested a new trial on several grounds, including conflicting testimony in the original trial. Farwell was faced with an immediate and obvious problem: 24 years had passed since the trial. Evidence had been presented and transcripts published long ago; the details of the crime had long since come to light. What memories of the crime were left to probe? But Farwell combed the transcripts and came up with obscure details about which to test Harrington. Harrington was granted a new trial when it was discovered that some of the original police reports in the case had been missing at his initial trial. By 2001, however, most of the witnesses against Harrington had either died or had been discredited. Finally, when a key witness heard that Harrington had passed his brain fingerprinting test, he recanted his testimony and the prosecution threw up its hands. Harrington was set free. In Macon County, Mo., Sheriff Robert Dawson learned about the method from his secretary, who had also seen it featured on television. In 1999, Dawson ordered a test on J. B. Grinder, accused of raping and murdering a 25-year-old woman. Grinder had admitted and denied the allegations so many times that, according to Dawson, We didnt know what to believe anymore. Confronted with the test results, which seemed to confirm one of Grinders many confessions, Grinder pled guilty to the charges and also admitted to killing three other girls in Arkansas. When another murder investigation ran into problems earlier this year, Dawson turned again to brain fingerprinting. He refrained from discussing the details of the case with the suspect and with the media so that the P300 probes would be valid. While the suspect denied knowing anything about the case, Farwells test suggested otherwise. Comparison with other technologies: Conventional fingerprinting and DNA match physical evidence from a crime scene with evidence on the person of the perpetrator. Similarly, Brain Fingerprinting matches informational evidence from the crime scene with evidence stored in the brain. Fingerprints and DNA are available in only 1% of crimes. The brain is always there, planning, executing, and recording the suspects actions. Brain Fingerprinting has nothing to do with lie detection. Rather, it is a scientific way to determine if someone has committed a specific crime or other act. No questions are asked and no answers are given during Farwell Brain Fingerprinting. As with DNA and fingerprints, the results are the same whether the person has lied or told the truth at any time. Admissibility of Brain Fingerprinting in court: The admissibility of Brain Fingerprinting in court has not yet been established. The following well established features of Brain Fingerprinting, however, will be relevant when the question of admissibility is tested in court. 1) Brain Fingerprinting has been thoroughly and scientifically tested. 2) The theory and application of Brain Fingerprinting have been subject to peer review and publication. 3) The rate of error is extremely low virtually nonexistent and clear standards governing scientific techniques of operation of the technology have been established and published. 4) The theory and practice of Brain Fingerprinting have gained general acceptance in the relevant scientific community. 5) Brain Fingerprinting is non-invasive and non-testimonial. Record of 100% Accuracy: At the time of this first field application, Dr. Farwells successes in the scientific laboratory with his invention were already well known. In collaboration with FBI scientist Dr. Drew Richardson, Dr. Farwell achieved 100% accuracy in using Farwell Brain Fingerprinting to identify FBI agents based on their brain responses to words and phrases only an FBI agent would recognize. Tests conducted by Dr. Farwell for the US Navy in collaboration with Navy LCDR Rene S. Hernandez, Ph.D., also resulted in 100% accurate results. In research on contract with a US government intelligence agency, Farwell Brain Fingerprinting achieved 100% accuracy in proving the presence or absence of a wide variety of evidence stored in the brains of individuals involved in over 120 cases. Dr. Farwell has published extensively in the scientific literature and presented his research to many scientific and technical audiences throughout the world . Farwell Brain Fingerprinting has been subjected to rigorous peer review under US government sponsorship, and has been found scientifically viable as well as revolutionary in its implications. Conclusion: Brain Fingerprinting is a revolutionary new scientific technology for solving crimes, identifying perpetrators, and exonerating innocent suspects, with a record of 100% accuracy in research with US government agencies, actual criminal cases, and other applications. The technology fulfills an urgent need for governments, law enforcement agencies, corporations, investigators, crime victims, and falsely accused, innocent suspects.

The Individual and The System in Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest :: One Flew Over Cuckoos Nest

The Individual and The System   One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Many social issues and problems are explored in Ken Kesey's novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest. Perhaps the most obvious complaint against society is the treatment of the individual. This problem of the individual versus the system is a very controversial topic that has provoked great questioning of the government and the methods used to treat people who are unable to conform to the government's standards. McMurphy is an individual who is challenging and rebelling against the system's rules and practices. He eventually teaches this practice of rebellion to the other patients who begin to realize that their lives are being controlled unfairly by the mental institution. When McMurphy first arrives at the institution, all of the other patients are afraid to express their thoughts to the Big Nurse. They are afraid to exercise their thoughts freely, and they believe that the Big Nurse will punish them if they question her authority. One patient, Harding, says, "All of us in here are rabbits of varying ages and degrees...We need a good strong wolf like the nurse to teach us our place" (Kesey 62). This novel has a very strong theme of government rejecting those who are considered nonconformists in modern society. The government then places these nonconformists in mental institutions so it will not have to deal with them. This is society's way of ditching those with nonconformist attitudes so they will disappear from the world and be forgotten. According to one critic, oppressive, conformist, regulatory, civilization is the suppressor of individual freedom (Barsness 433). "He (McMurphy) hadn't let what he looked like run his life one way or the other,anymore than he'd let the Combine (the characters' metaphor for the government) mill him into fitting where they wanted him to fit...He's not gonna let them twist him and manufacture him" (Kesey 153). McMurphy is symbolized as the typical individual, while Big Nurse Ratched is symbolized as a member of the system, or the Combine. Bromden narrates, "McMurphy doesn't know it, but he's onto what I realized a long time back, that it's not just the Big Nurse by herself, but it's the whole Combine, the nation-wide Combine that's the really big force, and the nurse is just a high-ranking official for them" (181).

Religion: And How it Has Changed My Life Essay

After thinking about it, I thought Wicca hasn’t really changed my life that much, at least not in concrete ways. I’ve always loved the Earth and thought of it as being beautiful and precious. I’ve always been fascinated at the beauty and mystery of the Moon and the starry sky. I’ve always found Nature to be healing in an all inclusive way that encompasses the physical, mental and spiritual realms. I’ve always believed that our minds have the power to accomplish amazing things. I’ve always thought that there is much more to this Universe than what we can see with our eyes and grasp with our minds. I rejected my family’s religion, Christianity, because despite many claims of it being filled with peace and love, I found their holy book to be filled with persecution and cruelty. I was certain that no single culture had a direct-line to the Divine, that there was no â€Å"One Truth†. I became interested in natural remedies. I celebrated the seasons in my own simple manner. In many ways, I am as I always was, and yet discovering Paganism has brought major changes to my life. When I realized that there was an actual religion whose beliefs so closely matched my own, I was filled with happiness and enthusiasm. I literally spent about a year and a half utterly consumed in learning all I could get my hands on: the lore, mythology, magick and ritual. It was fascinating, and all my spare time was devoted to gathering knowledge and attempting to incorporate what seemed true into my life. I know that I will always be learning and growing in my chosen philosophy, but it is more subtle now. I know the â€Å"basics† at a basic level. I am branching out, studying mythology to an even greater depth, using meditation and divination to know myself with ever greater understanding. I am certain that each individual’s path will be unique, but I consider Wicca to be a path more concerned with who I truly am and how I connect with this Universe. These are wonderful concepts to ponder, but how has Wicca actually affected my daily life? As I thought about the question I realized that it has affected me in subtle but myriad ways. It has become a deeply intertwined part of my life. I think it affects every aspect of my day to day existence. The small rituals, that are such a part of my daily routine now, enhance my  life and make it more more meaningful and fulfilling. When I wake in the morning I step outside and greet the Sun. I feel a moment of thanks for its warmth and life-giving rays. I read a poem or a meditation about a Goddess/God. My evening routine is similar. I go out and welcome the Night, the Moon and the Stars. I acknowledge the mystery and magic that I find intrinsic in their beauty. I try to spend as much time as possible out in Nature because I realize that such time is necessary for me. I light candles and whisper heartfelt thanks and love to my Goddess and God. But these actions, while important and meaningful to me, are things I’ve added to my life as a form of worship. How has Paganism changed my everyday, mundane existence? As I mentioned earlier, I did not have much respect for Christianity when I was younger. Learning about many different religions has helped me to realize that Christianity can be a satisfying and fulfilling path for many people. It is only in the hands of extremists that it can become a path of hatred–just as with any other religion. Wicca has helped me to be tolerant of other people’s spirituality as long as they aren’t spewing prejudice and hatred for any other religion besides their own. This didn’t happen overnight. At first I was indignant about Christianity’s attempt to destroy Paganism, the cruelty of the â€Å"Burning Times† and the intolerance that some modern day Christians show toward other spiritual paths. As I read and learned and pondered the issues, I realized that even Christianity, with its horrible history and its modern day fanatics, is a valid and rewarding path for most of its adherents. For most it is a path of love and peace. I never was too concerned about keeping my room â€Å"spotless†. I’m a bit of a pack rat, and things tend to pile up. I’m also a procrastinator, it’s easy for me to put things off until I’m in the mood to do them. Now I try to keep it less cluttered and more organized. This is a direct result of Wicca, because I don’t want negativity to gain a foothold in my home. I realize that messiness can affect the feeling of my home if only in subtle ways. I’m far from perfect, but much better than I used to be and improving with time. I often had a terrible time making decisions, especially important ones,  sometimes agonizing for days or even weeks over which choice to make. Now I’ve learned several different types of divination. These help me to know my own mind and make the best decision I can without second guessing myself or wondering if I should have chosen a different route. I hardly ever prayed before becoming Wiccan. I connected it with Christianity. Now prayer has become an important part of my life. This was something I didn’t plan. It just developed naturally. Prayer gives me peace of mind at times, gives me an instantaneous response to stressors and lets me have a spontaneous and intimate relationship with Divinity. I have always written poetry. I have become more prolific. Even if my words are only beautiful and meaningful to me, poetry adds a glorious dimension to my life. It is an amazing experience to begin writing and have the words flow onto the paper without any struggle, to realize that, in some very special moments, it is as if you are a conduit to Divinity and the words are a direct connection with God/Goddess. While I don’t believe anyone can know for certain what happens after death, I have accepted reincarnation as my personal philosophy. It just makes sense to me, and it gives me comfort and peace when I am faced with the death of others or my own mortality. I have become more calm and serene. I don’t let things bother me as much as I used to. I live more in the moment now than in worrying about the past or the future. I feel an even greater sense of gratitude for my life, the blessings that I have and the beauty and wonder of this amazing Universe. Meditation has given me much benefit, but the whole philosophy of life, that I’ve embraced in the past few years, gives my existence a deeper meaning and makes sense of things that I couldn’t understand before. I have learned spellcraft and use it to improve my life. I believe that much, of the changes that magick makes, is within ones self. It gives me a confidence and a surety that affects my whole life. I believe that to make outward changes, a person must first change their inner self. That is what  magick is to me, the ability to change myself for the better, to live in harmony with those that I love and the natural world around me. It also lets me communicate my desires to the Universe, and if it be for the greater good, I know my wishes will be granted. Perhaps in a way I hadn’t anticipated, but granted nonetheless. Of course I realize I must do the mundane work, and I never ask for more than I truly need. I am not as shy as I used to be. I love writing, but just about 5 years ago, I would have been too reticent to submit my thoughts in this essay or any other something that other eyes might see. I’m in the process of created my own website, I have been for about 2 years. This was a gigantic step for me, but I felt an almost overwhelming urge to honor my Goddess and God in this way. I joined a Pagan message board about two years ago. That was another huge step for me. It took me several months of â€Å"lurking† to get up enough courage to join, but I wanted to be a part of a community of like minded people and join in on those discussions that I found so interesting. This would have been impossible for me without all the small steps I’ve taken in the last few years. You could say that most of these things would have developed anyway as I gain the experience and wisdom that comes from living more than seventeen years. That may be true, but then again it might not. I know others my age who are torn by angst, whose lives seem filled with a steady stream of problems, who are anxious and unhappy and ever searching for what will bring them contentment and fulfillment. Perhaps it’s a matter of personality or temperament. I really don’t know, but I do know that Wicca has been a catalyst for changes that have greatly improved my personal life. My spirituality gives me a satisfaction that I searched for and couldn’t find for a long time. Wicca is an intrinsic part of me now. It affects my every waking moment perhaps not consciously, but at a deeper, more profound level. Wicca answers an abiding need deep within the very core of my being. Because I have accepted and embraced its philosophy, my entire life has been affected. I am a totally different person than I was 7 or 8 years ago, yet I  am the same in many ways. I know that’s a contradiction, but I know that it’s true also. We all change subtly with the passing of time. Hopefully we change for the better. Wicca has changed my life in both great and small ways. I believe I am a better person for it.

Scope Of A Project Management Project Essay - 3039 Words

1. What is Scope? Scope is nothing but which refers to project boundaries where it resolute what work which is assigned will be finished during the project lifecycle. This even includes identifying the work which would not be included in the present round of product or service implementation. A scope in a project is nothing but the actual planning which is made for the project which requires in regulating and even documenting a list of specific project goals, deliverables, tasks and deadlines. The documentation which is made for the scope of the project clearly explains the boundaries of a project and also initiates the duties for each team member and sets up methods regarding for how much the completed work will be verified and approved. The scope of the project which is made helps the project team stay focused on the given task. The scope statement also provides the project team leader or the facilitator with instructions for making decisions about the change of request which are being made during t he development of the project. It would be much better if the project has an accepted scope at the beginning or initial stages itself as it is quite natural for large projects to their parts along the way. when documenting the scope of a project the stake holders should be very specific regarding their work as one or more parts of a project ends up requiring more work, time, effort because of poor planning or miscommunication. Effective scope management requires goodShow MoreRelatedScope Of A Project Management Project3020 Words   |  13 Pages1. What is Scope? Scope is nothing but which refers to project boundaries where it determines what work will be completed during the project lifecycle. This even includes identifying the work which would not be included in the current round of product or service development. 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